Global sovereign debt is expected to climb by 9.5 per cent to a record $71.6 trillion in 2022, according to a new report, while fresh borrowing is also broadly set to remain elevated.

In its second annual Sovereign Debt Index, published Wednesday, British asset manager Janus Henderson projected a 9.5 per cent rise in global government debt, driven primarily by the U.S, Japan and China but with the vast majority of countries expected to increase borrowing.

Global government debt jumped 7.8 per cent in 2021 to US$65.4 trillion as every country assessed saw borrowing increase, while debt servicing costs dropped to a record low of US$1.01 trillion, an effective interest rate of just 1.6 per cent, the report said.

However, debt servicing costs are set to rise significantly in 2022, climbing around 14.5 per cent on a constant-currency basis to US$1.16 trillion.

The U.K. will feel the sharpest effect on the back of rising interest rates and the impact of surging inflation on the substantial quantities of U.K. index-linked debt, along with the costs associated with unwinding the Bank of England’s quantitative easing programme.

“The pandemic has had a huge impact on government borrowing – and the after-effects are set to continue for some time yet. The tragedy unfolding in Ukraine is also likely to pressure Western governments to borrow more to fund increased defense spending,” said Bethany Payne, portfolio manager for global bonds at Janus Henderson.

Germany has already vowed to ramp up its defense spending to more than two per cent  of GDP in a sharp policy shift since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, along with committing 100 billion euros (US$110 billion) to a fund for its armed services.

New sovereign borrowing is expected to reach US$10.4 trillion in 2022, almost a third above the average prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, according to the latest global borrowing report from S&P Global Ratings published on Tuesday.

“We expect borrowing to stay elevated, owing to high debt-rollover needs, as well as fiscal policy normalisation challenges posed by the pandemic, high inflation, and polarised social and political landscapes,” said S&P Global Ratings credit analyst Karen Vartapetov.

The ongoing conflict’s global macroeconomic repercussions are expected to exert further upward pressure on government funding needs, while tighter monetary conditions will increase government funding costs, the report highlighted.

This poses a further headache for sovereigns that have thus far struggled to reignite growth and cut reliance on foreign currency financing, and whose interest bills are already substantial.

In advanced economies, borrowing costs are expected to rise but likely remain at a level that will allow governments time for budget consolidation, S&P said, offering government’s time for budget consolidation and focus on growth stimulating reforms.

Convergence of monetary policy emerged as a theme during the first couple of years of the pandemic, as central banks cut interest rates to historic lows to help support ailing economies.

However, Janus Henderson noted that divergence is now emerging as a key theme, as central banks in the U.S., U.K., Europe, Canada and Australia look to tighten the policy strings to contain inflation, while China continues to try to stimulate the economy with a more accommodative policy stance.

This divergence offers opportunities for investors in short-dated bonds that are less susceptible to market conditions, Payne suggested, highlighting two locations in particular.