Globally, cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women, claiming approximately 350,000 lives annually. Alarmingly, about 94% of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. We cannot allow our mothers to succumb to cervical cancer at such a staggering rate and remain inactive, especially given their vital roles in procreation and societal development.

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus in the female reproductive system. This cancer typically develops slowly, often starting from precancerous changes in the cervix due to persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that can affect the skin, genital area, and throat. Almost all sexually active individuals will be infected by HPV at some point in their lives, usually without showing any symptoms. In most cases, the immune system effectively clears HPV from the body. However, a persistent infection with high-risk HPV can lead to the development of abnormal cells, which can eventually become cancerous. There are two main types of cervical cancer:

• Squamous cell carcinoma: This type accounts for about 80-90% of cervical cancers and originates from cells in the ectocervix, the outer part of the cervix. Squamous cell carcinomas typically begin in the transformation zone, where the ectocervix meets the endocervix.
• Adenocarcinoma: This type accounts for about 10-20% of cervical cancers and originates from glandular cells in the endocervix, which is the inner part of the cervix that produces mucus. Although adenocarcinomas are less common than squamous cell carcinomas, they have become more prevalent in recent years.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Early-stage cervical cancer typically does not show noticeable symptoms. Some initial signs include:

• Watery or bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and unpleasant in odour. Vaginal bleeding after sex, between menstrual periods, or afterward.
• Pain during sex (dyspareunia).
• In its advanced stages, symptoms of cervical cancer may include:
• Difficult or painful urination, sometimes with blood in the urine.
• Diarrhoea, pain, or bleeding in the rectum during bowel movements.
• Pelvic or abdominal pain.
• Fatigue, weight loss, and loss of appetite; a general feeling of illness.
• Dull backache or swelling in the legs.

While early cervical cancer often shows no symptoms, regular screening can detect abnormal cells before they become cancerous. This allows for early intervention and treatment, which can significantly improve survival chances.

Who is at risk?

Risk factors for cervical cancer include both modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Some common risk factors include:

• HPV Infection: Certain types of HPV are responsible for cervical cancer. The higher the risk of HPV, the higher the risk of developing cervical cancer.
• Sexual History: Engaging in sexual intercourse before the age of 18 and having multiple sexual partners may elevate the risk of HPV infection.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Women living with HIV are six times more likely to develop cervical cancer than women without HIV.
• Smoking: Cigarette smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer.
• Immune Status: A weakened immune system hinders the body's ability to fight infections.
• Family History: Cervical cancer may have a genetic component that runs in families.

Diagnosing Cervical Cancer

Diagnosing cervical cancer involves several tests and procedures.

Initial Screening

Regular Pap tests and HPV screenings can help detect cervical cancer in its early stages.

• Pap Test: A procedure where cells are collected from the cervix and examined for abnormalities.

• HPV Test: A test that checks for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause cervical cancer.

Diagnostic Tests

• Colposcopy: This is a procedure in which a special microscope (colposcope) is used to examine the cervix for abnormal cell growth. A vinegar solution may be applied to help identify abnormal areas. Biopsy: This test involves removing a sample of tissue from the cervix and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

Staging Tests

If cervical cancer is diagnosed, further tests may be conducted to determine the stage of the disease. These tests can include:

• Imaging Tests: Imaging tests such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, or Computed Tomography (CT) scan can be used to check for cancer spread.
• Cystoscopy: A procedure to examine the bladder and urethra for cancer spread.
•  Proctoscopy: A visual inspection of the rectum to check for cancer spread.
• Blood Tests: To check for signs of cancer spread or other health issues.

Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally. The disease can have devastating effects on women's reproductive health, including infertility and complications during pregnancy. The good news is that cervical cancer is largely preventable through regular screening, such as Pap tests and HPV tests, along with vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), the primary cause of the disease. Mothers embody compassion, resilience, and grace. They are our first teachers, lifelong friends, and a safe haven. Let us empower our mothers by educating them about cervical cancer and ensuring they have access to prevention and treatment services that can help them take control of their health and well-being. How about showing your mother some love by taking her to a cervical cancer screening today?

REFERENCE

Information from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12216-cervical-cancer, https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical, and https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer#:~:text=Cervical%20cancer%20is%20the%20fourth,to%20be%20met%20by%202030 was used in this story