Monkeypox, also known as Mpox, is a viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus. This illness can spread between people and, in some cases, from the environment to people through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been closely monitoring the disease, particularly following significant outbreaks in recent years.

Global outbreaks and public health response

Monkeypox was traditionally found in specific regions, but in May 2022, an unusual outbreak occurred in Europe, with cases emerging in countries where the disease is not typically seen. This prompted the WHO to declare it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on July 23, 2022. The outbreak primarily affected men who have sex with men (MSM), although it is important to note that anyone in close contact with an infected person can contract the virus.

As the outbreak spread globally, coordinated efforts by governments and communities helped reduce the number of cases significantly. However, in August 2024, a new outbreak in parts of Africa led to another PHEIC declaration by the WHO. This outbreak has been particularly concerning due to the involvement of a more deadly strain of the virus.

Types of Monkeypox

There are two main types of monkeypox: Clade 1 and Clade 2. The 2022 outbreak was primarily caused by the milder Clade 2. However, the current 2024 outbreak is linked to Clade 1, which is more lethal, with a mortality rate of up to 10% in previous outbreaks. A mutated version of this strain, known as Clade 1b, has been spreading rapidly and is considered the most dangerous variant of the virus to date.

Symptoms of Monkeypox

Monkeypox symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Common symptoms include:

- A rash that may last 2–4 weeks, appearing as blisters or sores on the face, hands, feet, and genital areas.
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Back pain
- Low energy
- Swollen lymph nodes

In some cases, the rash can also affect the mouth, throat, eyes, and internal areas such as the anus or rectum, causing inflammation and severe pain. The number of sores can range from a few to several thousand.

While most people recover with supportive care, such as medication for pain or fever, certain groups are at higher risk of severe illness or complications. These include pregnant women, children, newborns, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Transmission

Monkeypox spreads through close contact with an infected person. This includes:

- Face-to-face contact, where droplets or aerosols can be exchanged.
- Skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact.
- Mouth-to-mouth contact, such as kissing.
- Contact with contaminated objects, like clothing, bedding, or towels.

People with monkeypox are infectious until all their lesions have healed completely. The virus can also linger on surfaces and objects, potentially infecting others who come into contact with them.

Monkeypox can also spread from animals to humans, particularly through contact with infected animals such as monkeys and certain rodents. This can happen through bites, scratches, or handling animals during hunting or food preparation. The virus can also be transmitted by consuming undercooked meat from infected animals.

Prevention and care

Preventing monkeypox involves avoiding close contact with infected individuals and contaminated objects. Proper hygiene, such as handwashing, is crucial. For those at higher risk, particularly in areas where the virus is spreading, vaccination and avoiding contact with potentially infected animals are important preventive measures.

If you suspect you have been exposed to monkeypox or are experiencing symptoms, it is important to seek medical advice promptly. Early detection and treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.