The UK government wants to send some asylum seekers to Rwanda.

It is proposing new laws to overcome legal obstacles after the Supreme Court said its plan was unlawful.

Under a five-year agreement, some asylum seekers arriving in the UK would be sent to Rwanda, to have their claims processed there

If successful, they could be granted refugee status and allowed to stay. If not, they could apply to settle in Rwanda on other grounds, or seek asylum in another "safe third country".

No asylum seeker would be able to apply to return to the UK.

Anyone "entering the UK illegally" after 1 January 2022 could be sent to Rwanda, the government said, with no limit on numbers.

Ministers argue the plan would deter people from arriving in the UK on small boats across the English Channel.

However, when the scheme was first announced, the most senior Home Office civil servant said there was little evidence the effect would be "significant enough to make the policy value for money".

No asylum seeker has yet been sent to Rwanda, which is a small landlocked country in east-central Africa, 4,000 miles (6,500km) from the UK.

The first flight was scheduled to go in June 2022, but was cancelled after legal challenges.

In November 2023, the UK Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the Rwanda scheme was unlawful.

It said genuine refugees sent there would be at risk of being returned to their home countries, where they could face harm.

This breaches the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which prohibits torture and inhuman treatment. The UK is a signatory to the ECHR.

The ruling also cited concerns about Rwanda's poor human-rights record, and its past treatment of refugees.

Judges said that in 2021, the UK government had itself criticised Rwanda for its "extrajudicial killings, deaths in custody, enforced disappearances and torture".

They also highlighted an incident in 2018, when Rwandan police opened fire on protesting refugees.

After the Supreme Court ruling, the government introduced a new bill to make clear in UK law that Rwanda is a safe country.

The legislation - which must be approved by both Houses of Parliament - orders the courts to disregard key sections of the Human Rights Act, in an attempt to sidestep the Supreme Court's judgement.

It also orders the courts to disregard other British laws or international rules - such as the international Refugee Convention - that stand in the way of deportations to Rwanda.

Some MPs have criticised the legislation because they believe it breaks international law.

Despite opposition from some Conservative MPs who wanted the legislation to go further, the bill was passed in the House of Commons on 17 January.

In the end, only 11 Conservative MPs voted against it, including former home secretary Suella Braverman.

The bill is now in the House of Lords, where it has already faced opposition.

Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said the Lords should "do the right thing", and pass the bill. He wants flights carrying asylum seekers to take off to Rwanda "as quickly as possible".

Peers initially voted to delay the treaty until improvements to Rwanda's asylum system have been properly introduced, but that was not binding.

Despite strong criticism during the bill's first debate in the Lords, peers did vote for it to move to the next stage.

However, some peers have said they will try to strip out key powers as the bill progresses.

As well as introducing the Safety of Rwanda Bill, the UK government also signed a new migration treaty with Rwanda.

Home Secretary James Cleverley said it guarantees that anyone sent to Rwanda to claim asylum would not be at risk of being returned to their home country.

It also includes a new independent monitoring committee to ensure Rwanda complies with its obligations, and says that British judges will be included in a new appeals process.

The UK government has paid £240m to Rwanda so far. A further payment of £50m is expected in the 2024-25 financial year.

The Labour Party estimates the government will pay about £400m overall to Rwanda, but the government has not confirmed the total cost.

However, official figures suggest that removing each individual to a third country, such as Rwanda, costs £63,000 more than keeping them in the UK.

The Home Office previously said there would be no cost at all if the policy deterred asylum seekers from coming to the UK.

Mr Sunak claimed that the Rwanda plan will "literally save us billions in the long run" but did not explain the figures.

The UK's asylum system costs nearly £4bn a year, including about £8m a day on hotel accommodation.

Failure to process asylum claims efficiently "has led to unacceptable costs to the taxpayer", a report by MPs said in October 2023.

Rwandan President Paul Kagame offered to return money paid by the UK if no asylum seekers were sent.