The report, commissioned by President Cyril Ramaphosa, said the security services failed to anticipate, prevent or disrupt the violence sparked by the jailing of his predecessor, Jacob Zuma.

He has since been released on medical parole.

Sources told the inquiry that factional battles within the governing African National Congress had become a serious source of instability in South Africa.

More than 350 people died in the unrest.

Days of arson and looting caused more than $3bn (£2.2bn) worth of damage.