Nearly 90 per cent of people in Africa remain without meaningful protection from second-hand smoke, according to a global report launched in Dar es Salaam on Wednesday.
The report, "Global Voices: Rebutting the Tobacco Industry, Winning Smoke-Free Air," also reveals that by 2010, smoking will claim the lives of six million people worldwide, 72 per cent of whom reside in low-income countries.
Though the report points to signs of hope, it states that many African countries are fighting against the tobacco industry's aggressive efforts to stop public health interventions by putting smoke-free laws into place.
The report, published by the Global Smoke-free Partnership, was launched at a media summit on Fighting the Cancer and Tobacco Pandemic in Africa hosted by the American Cancer Society (ACS) in advance of the AORTIC Cancer in Africa Conference beginning on November 12 in Dar es Salaam.
It notes that if the current trends continue, tobacco will kill seven million people annually by 2020 and more than eight million annually by
2030.
According to the report, nearly one billion people living in some 45 countries globally are now protected from the health hazards of second-hand
smoke at work and in public places.
It adds that despite the rapid progress, more than five per cent of the world's people still remain without meaningful protection from second-hand smoke, many of them in the and middle-income countries.
"For the first time in history, we have the tool in hand to prevent a pandemic" said Dr. Otis W. Brawley, Chief Medical Officer of the American
Cancer Society, at the launch.
Reviewing the report, Dr. Thomas Glynn, Director, International Cancer Control, ACS, said recent data suggested that with current trends, more than half of Africa would double its tobacco consumption in 12 years.
He said smoke-free public places were one example of a low-cost and extremely effective intervention that must be implemented now to protect health.
Dr Glynn said within the last year, Kenya and Niger have enacted national smoke free policies and that South Africa, which has been
smoke-free since March 2007, continues to play an important role in the region, demonstrating that smoke free laws can work in Africa.
"In the first for the region, Mauritius recently passed a law that is close to meeting the Framework Convention on Tobacco (FCTC) standards,
ranking among the most robust anti-smoking measures in the world," he said.
Dr. Glynn said implementation remained a challenge in many places, including Ghana, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda.
He mentioned other obstacles as identifying resources for implementation and opposition to smoke-free laws by the tobacco industry.
"In Abuja, Nigeria, for example, 55 per cent of schools are not aware that second-hand smoke is harmful to health, and only one per cent of
Nigeria's population is protected by strong smoke-free laws".
The report also exposes the tobacco industry's tactics to hold back legislations and to convince African governments that tobacco is important to economic activity that raising taxes on cigarettes and implementing smoke-free laws will result in revenue and job losses.
"In Kenya, for example, the tobacco industry has issued a legal challenge to a strong smoke-free law passed by parliament while in Zambia, British American Tobacco has helped to dilute proposals for a smoke-free law".
However, evidence over the years suggests that the alleged revenue losses do not occur.
According to the report, the smoke-free law in Mauritius was not expected to have an impact on tourist revenues, which account for over a quarter of GDP.
However in South Africa, VAT returns showed that smoke free laws had no significant effect on restaurant revenues, and may have had a positive
effect, said ACS Researcher, Evan Blecher.
"When South Africa raised its taxes, revenues rose. And in countries where governments often lacked a surplus of revenue, raising taxes is found to be beneficial to social services, education, and healthcare" he observed.
In addition to smoke free-laws, economic intervention of imposing high taxes on cigarette had significant potential to effectively and efficiently decrease consumption rates in Africa.
The ACS researcher was of the view that doubling the price of cigarettes by increasing the tax could lower consumption by 60 per cent.
"This is holding true in many African nations.
"In South Africa, for example, tobacco consumption has fallen by one-third since 1993, when ggressive increases in cigarette taxes began to take hold."
Global cigarette consumption has been rising steadily since James Bonsack invented the first cigarette rolling machine in 1881. By the 1960s,
the controvertible health consequences of smoking had become apparent.
The Third edition of the Tobacco Atlas states that all forms of tobacco are addictive and lethal while scientific evidence confirms that smokers
face significantly elevated risk of death from numerous cancers particularly lung cancer, respiratory diseases, stroke and many fatal conditions.
It adds that smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke imposes an exceptional health risk on pregnant women, infants and children. Non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke experience immediate cardiovascular and
respiratory damage.