Body mass index (BMI) is a standard health assessment tool in most healthcare facilities.

Though it has been used for decades as the go-to measurement for your health based on your size, it has been widely criticized for its oversimplification of what being healthy really means.

In fact, many claim BMI is outdated, inaccurate, and shouldn’t be used in medical and fitness settings.

This article tells you all you need to know about BMI, its history, whether it’s an accurate predictor of health, and provides a list of alternatives.

What is BMI?

BMI stands for body mass index. It was developed in 1832 by a Belgian mathematician named Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet (1Trusted Source).

He developed the BMI scale to quickly estimate the degree of overweight and obesity in a given population to help governments decide where to allocate health and financial resources .

Interestingly, Quetelet stated that BMI was not useful in studying single individuals but rather to give a snapshot of a population’s overall health. Nevertheless, it’s widely used to measure an individual’s health.

The BMI scale is based on a mathematical formula that determines whether a person is of a “healthy” weight by dividing their weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared :

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m2)

Alternatively, BMI can be calculated by dividing weight in pounds by height in inches squared times 703:

BMI = (weight (lbs) / height (in2)) x 703

You can also use an online BMI calculator, such as the one provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)Trusted Source.

Once BMI is calculated, it’s then compared to the BMI scale to determine whether you fall within the “normal” weight range (2Trusted Source):

BMI range Classification Risk of poor health
Less than 18.5 Underweight High
18.5–24.9 Normal weight Low
25.0–29.9 Overweight Low to moderate
30.0–34.9 Obese class I (moderately obese) High
35.0–39.9 Obese class II (severely obese) Very high
Greater than 40 Obese class III (extremely obese) Extremely high

According to this calculation, a healthcare provider may suggest health and lifestyle changes if you don’t fall within the “normal” weight category.

Some countries have adopted this BMI scale to better represent the size and stature of their population. For example, Asian men and women have been shown to be at a higher risk of heart disease at a lower BMI, compared with non-Asians (3Trusted Source).

Though this can give the healthcare provider a snapshot of a person’s health based on a person’s weight, it doesn’t consider other factors, such as age, sex, race, genetics, fat mass, muscle mass, and bone density.

Summary

Body mass index (BMI) is a calculation that estimates a person’s body fat using their height and weight. A BMI of 18.5–24.9 is considered “normal” weight with a low risk of poor health, while anything above or below is linked to a higher risk of poor health.

Is it a good indicator of health?

Despite concerns that BMI doesn’t accurately identify whether a person is healthy, most studies show that a person’s risk of chronic disease and premature death does increase with a BMI lower than 18.5 (“underweight”) or above 30.0 (“obese”).

For example, a 2017 retrospective study of 103,218 deaths found that those who had a BMI of 30.0 or greater (“obese”) had 1.5–2.7 times greater risk of death after a 30-year follow-up (4Trusted Source).

Another study showed that those in the “obese” BMI category had a 20% increased risk of death from all causes and heart disease, compared with those in the “normal” BMI category.

The researchers also found that those who were either in the “underweight” or “severely obese” and “extremely obese” categories died an average of 6.7 years and 3.7 years earlier, respectively, compared with those in the “normal” BMI category.

Other studies have shown that a BMI greater than 30.0 begins to significantly increase your risk of chronic health issues, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, breathing difficulties, kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and mobility issues.

Furthermore, a 5–10% reduction in a person’s BMI has been associated with decreased rates of metabolic syndrome, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes.

Due to most research showing an increased chronic disease risk among people with obesity, many health professionals can use BMI as a general snapshot of a person’s risk. Still, it should not be the only diagnostic tool used.

Summary

Though BMI has been criticized for its oversimplification of health, most research supports its ability to estimate a person’s risk of chronic disease, particularly one’s risk of early death and metabolic syndrome.

Downsides of BMI

Despite research associating a low (below 18.5) and high (30 or greater) BMI with increased health risks, there are numerous flaws with its use.
Doesn’t consider other factors of health

BMI only answers “yes” or “no” regarding whether a person is of “normal” weight without any context of their age, sex, genetics, lifestyle, medical history, or other factors.

Relying only on BMI may miss other important measurements of health, such as cholesterol, blood sugar, heart rate, blood pressure, and inflammation levels, and overestimate or underestimate a person’s true health.

What’s more, despite men and women varying body compositions — with men having more muscle mass and less fat mass than women — BMI uses the same calculation for both groups.

Plus, as a person ages, their body naturally increases in fat mass and declines in muscle mass. Numerous studies have shown that a higher BMI of 23.0–29.9 in older adults can be protective against early death and disease.

Finally, by simply using BMI to determine a person’s health, it ignores other aspects of health, such as mental well-being and complicated sociological factors, such as income, access to affordable and nutritious food, food skills and knowledge, and living environment.
Assumes all weight is equal

Though one pound or kilogram of muscle weighs the same as one pound or kilogram of fat, muscle is denser and takes up less space. As a result, a person may be very lean but have a high muscle mass, making them heavier on the scale.

For example, a 200-pound (97-kg) person who is 5’9” (175 cm) has a BMI of 29.5, which classifies them as “overweight.”

However, two people of the same height and weight could look completely different. One may be a bodybuilder with high muscle mass while the other may have higher fat mass.

If only BMI is considered, this could easily misclassify a person as being “overweight” or “obese” despite having low fat mass. Therefore, it’s important to consider a person’s muscle, fat, and bone mass in addition to their weight.
Doesn’t consider fat distribution

Though a greater BMI is linked to poorer health outcomes, the location of fat on the body may make a bigger difference.

Those with fat stored around their stomach area — known as android or apple-shaped body types — have a greater risk of chronic disease than those with fat stored in their hips, buttocks, and thighs — known as gynoid or pear-shaped body types .

For example, in a review of 72 studies, researchers found that those with apple-shaped fat distribution had a significantly higher all-cause mortality risk, while those with pear-shaped fat distribution had a lower risk (30Trusted Source).

In fact, the authors highlighted that BMI doesn’t consider where fat is stored on the body, which can misclassify a person as being unhealthy or at risk of disease.
May lead to weight bias

It’s expected that a medical professional uses their best judgment, meaning they would take the BMI result and consider their patient as a unique individual.

However, some health professionals only use BMI to measure a person’s health before providing medical recommendations, which can lead to weight bias and poor quality healthcare.

Those with higher BMIs more often report that their physicians only focus on their BMI, even if their appointment was for an unrelated concern. Often, serious medical issues go unnoticed or are incorrectly seen as weight-related problems.

In fact, studies have shown that the higher a person’s BMI, the less likely they are to attend regular health checkups due to fear of being judged, distrust of the healthcare provider, or a previous negative experience, which can lead to late diagnoses, treatment, and care.
May not be relevant for all populations

Despite the wide use of BMI among all adults, it may not accurately reflect the health of certain racial and ethnic populations.

For example, numerous studies have shown that people of Asian descent have an increased risk of chronic disease at lower BMI cut-off points, compared with white people.

In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed Asian-Pacific BMI guidelines, which provide alternative BMI cut-off points (2Trusted Source, 37Trusted Source, 38Trusted Source):
BMI range Classification
Less than 18.5 kg/m2 Underweight
18.5–22.9 kg/m2 Normal weight
23.0–24.9 kg/m2 Overweight
Greater than 25.0 kg/m2 Obese

Numerous studies have shown that these alternative cut-off points better identify health risk among Asian populations. Though, more research is needed to compare these cut-off points with multi-generation Asian Americans Trusted Source.

Also, Black people may be misclassified as overweight despite having lower fat mass and higher muscle mass. This may suggest that chronic disease risk occurs at a higher BMI cut-off point, compared with other races, especially among Black women.

In fact, one 2011 study found that Black women were considered metabolically healthy at cut-off points 3.0 kg/m2 higher than people who are not Black, which further puts into question the usefulness of BMI for all racial groups.

Finally, relying only on BMI ignores the cultural importance of body size to different groups. In some cultures, higher fat mass is viewed as healthier and more desirable. Healthcare providers should consider what “health” means to each patient individually.

Considering that significant health decisions, such as surgical procedures and weight loss interventions, are based on BMI and weight, it’s important that all health professionals go beyond BMI to ensure they’re making patient-centered recommendations.

Summary

BMI only considers a person’s weight and height as a measure of health, rather than the individual. Age, sex, race, body composition, current and past medical history, and other factors may affect a person’s weight and health status.

Better alternatives

Despite the many flaws of BMI, it’s still used as a primary assessment tool, as it’s convenient, cost effective, and accessible in all healthcare settings.

However, there are alternatives to BMI that may be better indicators of a person’s health — though they all come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages .
Waist circumference
Definition

A larger waist circumference — one greater than 35 inches (85 cm) in women or 40 inches (101.6 cm) in men — indicates greater body fat in the abdominal area, which is associated with a higher risk of chronic disease.
Benefits

It’s easy to measure, only requiring a measuring tape.
Downsides

It doesn’t consider different body types (e.g., apple-shaped vs. pear-shaped) and builds (e.g., muscle and bone mass).
Waist-to-hip ratio
Definition

A high ratio (greater than 0.80 in women; greater than 0.95 in men) indicates higher fat stores in the stomach area and is linked to a greater risk of heart and chronic disease.
A low ratio (lower than or equal to 0.80 in women; lower than or equal to 0.95 in men) suggests higher hip fat storage, which is associated with better health.

Benefits

It’s easy to measure, requiring only a measuring tape and calculator.
Downsides

It doesn’t consider different body types (e.g., apple-shaped vs. pear-shaped) and builds (e.g., muscle and bone mass).
Body fat percentage
Definition

Body fat percentage is the relative amount of body fat a person has.
Benefits

distinguishes between fat mass and fat-free mass
more accurate representation of health risk than BMI

Downsides

high risk of error with convenient assessment tools (e.g., skinfold measurements, portable bioelectrical impedance analysis, at-home scales)
more accurate tools are expensive and inaccessible for many (e.g., dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, underwater weighing, BodPod)

Lab tests
Definition

Lab tests are various blood and vital signs measurements that can indicate chronic disease risk (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol, blood glucose levels, inflammation).
Benefits

provides a more detailed review of a person’s metabolic health
doesn’t rely only on body fat as a measurement of health

Downsides

Most of the time, a single lab value is not sufficient to diagnose or indicate risk.

Regardless of the assessment tool used, it’s important for healthcare providers to not rely on one test alone. For example, a healthcare provider may measure a person’s BMI and waist circumference, and if concern arises, a blood test may follow.

It’s important to treat each patient as an individual person to determine what health means to them — physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually.

Summary

Other body assessment tools can be used instead of BMI, such as waist circumference, body fat percentage, and blood tests. However, each comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages.

The bottom line

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a highly controversial health assessment tool designed to estimate a person’s body fat and risk of poor health.

Research typically shows a greater risk of chronic disease as BMI increases above the “normal” range. Furthermore, a low BMI (below 18.5) is also linked to poor health outcomes.

That said, BMI fails to consider other aspects of health, such as age, sex, fat mass, muscle mass, race, genetics, and medical history. What’s more, using it as a sole predictor of health has been shown to increase weight bias and health inequities.

Though BMI can be useful as a starting point, it should not be the only measurement of your health.